|
[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index] Re: [PATCH v12 04/13] xen/arm: gic-v3: Implement GICv3 suspend/resume functions
Hi Bertrand,
Thank you for the review.
On Wed, Sep 23, 2026 at 6:58 PM Bertrand Marquis
<Bertrand.Marquis@xxxxxxx> wrote:
>
> Hi Mykola,
>
> > On 27 Aug 2026, at 16:31, Mykola Kvach <mykola_kvach@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
> >
> > System suspend may lead to a state where GIC would be powered down.
> > Therefore, Xen should save/restore the context of GIC on suspend/resume.
> >
> > Note that the context consists of states of registers which are
> > controlled by the hypervisor. Other GIC registers which are accessible
> > by guests are saved/restored on context switch.
> >
> > Before continuing suspend, also verify that the physical CPU interface
> > has no Group 1 active-priority state left. Use ICC_CTLR_EL1.PRIbits to
> > decide which ICC_AP1R<n>_EL1 registers are implemented, so Xen does not
> > read an unimplemented AP1R register.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Mykola Kvach <mykola_kvach@xxxxxxxx>
> > Reviewed-by: Luca Fancellu <luca.fancellu@xxxxxxx>
> > ---
> > Changes in V10:
> > - abort suspend when the physical Group 1 active-priority state is still
> > present, deriving accessible ICC_AP1R<n>_EL1 registers from
> > ICC_CTLR_EL1.PRIbits;
> > - re-enable the redistributor before restoring CPU and virtual interface
> > state on the suspend abort path;
> > - panic if the redistributor cannot be re-enabled on the suspend abort path;
> > - avoid saving/restoring reserved GICD_IPRIORITYR and GICD_IROUTER entries
> > for a partially populated last SPI block;
> > - disable Distributor group forwarding while preserving affinity routing
> > state before restoring Distributor configuration;
> > - disable SPI/eSPI forwarding and wait for RWP before restoring
> > GICD_ICFGR<n>.Int_config.
> >
> > Changes in V9:
> > - fix the suspend-context comment typo and split dist_ctx declarations;
> > - restore ICC_IGRPEN1_EL1 on the suspend error path;
> > - re-initialize GICD_IGROUPRnE during resume;
> > - restore GICD_IROUTER only after re-enabling ARE_NS during resume.
> >
> > Changes in V8:
> > - use right rdist base for prop/pend baser and ctrl
> >
> > Changes in V7:
> > - restore LPI regs on resume
> > - add timeout during redist disabling
> > - squash with suspend/resume handling for GICv3 eSPI registers
> > - drop ITS guard paths so suspend/resume always runs; switch missing ctx
> > allocation to panic
> > - trim TODO comments; narrow redistributor storage to PPI icfgr
> > - keep distributor context allocation even without ITS; adjust resume
> > to use GENMASK(31, 0) for clearing enables
> > - drop storage of the SGI configuration register, as SGIs are always
> > edge-triggered
> > ---
> > xen/arch/arm/gic-v3-lpi.c | 3 +
> > xen/arch/arm/gic-v3.c | 458 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
> > xen/arch/arm/include/asm/arm64/sysregs.h | 5 +
> > xen/arch/arm/include/asm/gic_v3_defs.h | 3 +
> > 4 files changed, 466 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/xen/arch/arm/gic-v3-lpi.c b/xen/arch/arm/gic-v3-lpi.c
> > index 847da26ff7..a63c8c4979 100644
> > --- a/xen/arch/arm/gic-v3-lpi.c
> > +++ b/xen/arch/arm/gic-v3-lpi.c
> > @@ -467,6 +467,9 @@ static int cpu_callback(struct notifier_block *nfb,
> > unsigned long action,
> > switch ( action )
> > {
> > case CPU_UP_PREPARE:
> > + if ( system_state == SYS_STATE_resume )
> > + break;
> > +
> > rc = gicv3_lpi_allocate_pendtable(cpu);
> > if ( rc )
> > printk(XENLOG_ERR "Unable to allocate the pendtable for
> > CPU%lu\n",
> > diff --git a/xen/arch/arm/gic-v3.c b/xen/arch/arm/gic-v3.c
> > index b16888ad84..038bf41142 100644
> > --- a/xen/arch/arm/gic-v3.c
> > +++ b/xen/arch/arm/gic-v3.c
> > @@ -1078,12 +1078,12 @@ out:
> > return res;
> > }
> >
> > -static void gicv3_hyp_disable(void)
> > +static void gicv3_hyp_enable(bool enable)
> > {
> > register_t hcr;
> >
> > hcr = READ_SYSREG(ICH_HCR_EL2);
> > - hcr &= ~GICH_HCR_EN;
> > + hcr = enable ? (hcr | GICH_HCR_EN) : (hcr & ~GICH_HCR_EN);
> > WRITE_SYSREG(hcr, ICH_HCR_EL2);
> > isb();
> > }
> > @@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@ static void gicv3_disable_interface(void)
> > spin_lock(&gicv3.lock);
> >
> > gicv3_cpu_disable();
> > - gicv3_hyp_disable();
> > + gicv3_hyp_enable(false);
> >
> > spin_unlock(&gicv3.lock);
> > }
> > @@ -1926,6 +1926,450 @@ static bool gic_dist_supports_lpis(void)
> > return (readl_relaxed(GICD + GICD_TYPER) & GICD_TYPE_LPIS);
> > }
> >
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_SYSTEM_SUSPEND
> > +
> > +/* This struct represents a block of 32 IRQs */
> > +struct dist_irq_block {
> > + uint32_t icfgr[2];
> > + uint32_t ipriorityr[8];
> > + uint64_t irouter[32];
> > + uint32_t isactiver;
> > + uint32_t isenabler;
> > +};
> > +
> > +struct redist_ctx {
> > + uint32_t ctlr;
> > + uint32_t icfgr; /* only PPIs stored */
>
> Can you capitalize first comment letter ?
> s/only/Only/
>
> > + uint32_t igroupr;
> > + uint32_t ipriorityr[8];
> > + uint32_t isactiver;
> > + uint32_t isenabler;
> > +
> > + uint64_t pendbase;
> > + uint64_t propbase;
> > +};
> > +
> > +/* GICv3 registers to be saved/restored on system suspend/resume */
> > +struct gicv3_ctx {
> > + struct dist_ctx {
> > + uint32_t ctlr;
> > + struct dist_irq_block *irqs;
> > + struct dist_irq_block *espi_irqs;
> > + } dist;
> > +
> > + /* have only one rdist structure for last running CPU during suspend */
>
> Same here
> s/have/Have/
>
> > + struct redist_ctx rdist;
> > +
> > + struct cpu_ctx {
> > + uint32_t ctlr;
> > + uint32_t pmr;
> > + uint32_t bpr;
> > + uint32_t sre_el2;
> > + uint32_t grpen;
> > + } cpu;
> > +};
> > +
> > +static struct gicv3_ctx gicv3_ctx;
> > +
> > +static void __init gicv3_alloc_context(void)
> > +{
> > + uint32_t blocks = DIV_ROUND_UP(gicv3_info.nr_lines, 32);
> > +
> > + /* The spec allows for systems without any SPIs */
> > + if ( blocks > 1 )
> > + {
> > + gicv3_ctx.dist.irqs = xzalloc_array(struct dist_irq_block, blocks
> > - 1);
> > + if ( !gicv3_ctx.dist.irqs )
> > + panic("Failed to allocate memory for GICv3 suspend context\n");
> > + }
> > +
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_GICV3_ESPI
> > + if ( !gic_number_espis() )
> > + return;
> > +
> > + blocks = gic_number_espis() / 32;
> > + gicv3_ctx.dist.espi_irqs = xzalloc_array(struct dist_irq_block,
> > blocks);
> > + if ( !gicv3_ctx.dist.espi_irqs )
> > + panic("Failed to allocate memory for GICv3 eSPI suspend
> > context\n");
> > +#endif
> > +}
> > +
> > +static int gicv3_disable_redist(void)
> > +{
> > + void __iomem *waker = GICD_RDIST_BASE + GICR_WAKER;
> > + s_time_t deadline;
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Avoid infinite loop if Non-secure does not have access to
> > GICR_WAKER.
> > + * See Arm IHI 0069H.b, 12.11.42 GICR_WAKER:
> > + * When GICD_CTLR.DS == 0 and an access is Non-secure accesses to
> > this
> > + * register are RAZ/WI.
> > + */
> > + if ( !(readl_relaxed(GICD + GICD_CTLR) & GICD_CTLR_DS) )
> > + return 0;
> > +
> > + deadline = NOW() + MILLISECS(1000);
> > +
> > + writel_relaxed(readl_relaxed(waker) | GICR_WAKER_ProcessorSleep,
> > waker);
> > + while ( (readl_relaxed(waker) & GICR_WAKER_ChildrenAsleep) == 0 )
> > + {
> > + if ( NOW() > deadline )
> > + {
> > + printk("GICv3: Timeout waiting for redistributor to sleep\n");
> > + return -ETIMEDOUT;
> > + }
> > + cpu_relax();
> > + udelay(10);
> > + }
> > +
> > + return 0;
> > +}
> > +
> > +#define GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(name, is_espi) \
> > + ((is_espi) ? GICD_##name##nE : GICD_##name)
> > +
> > +static void gicv3_store_spi_irq_block(struct dist_irq_block *irqs,
> > + unsigned int i, unsigned int nr_irqs,
> > + bool is_espi)
> > +{
> > + void __iomem *base;
> > + unsigned int irq, nr_priority_regs;
> > +
> > + ASSERT(nr_irqs && nr_irqs <= 32);
> > + nr_priority_regs = DIV_ROUND_UP(nr_irqs, 4);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(ICFGR, is_espi) + i *
> > sizeof(irqs->icfgr);
> > + irqs->icfgr[0] = readl_relaxed(base);
> > + irqs->icfgr[1] = readl_relaxed(base + 4);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(IPRIORITYR, is_espi);
> > + base += i * sizeof(irqs->ipriorityr);
> > + for ( irq = 0; irq < nr_priority_regs; irq++ )
> > + irqs->ipriorityr[irq] = readl_relaxed(base + 4 * irq);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(IROUTER, is_espi);
> > + base += i * sizeof(irqs->irouter);
> > + for ( irq = 0; irq < nr_irqs; irq++ )
> > + irqs->irouter[irq] = readq_relaxed_non_atomic(base + 8 * irq);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(ISACTIVER, is_espi);
> > + base += i * sizeof(irqs->isactiver);
> > + irqs->isactiver = readl_relaxed(base);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(ISENABLER, is_espi);
> > + base += i * sizeof(irqs->isenabler);
> > + irqs->isenabler = readl_relaxed(base);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void gicv3_restore_spi_irq_config(struct dist_irq_block *irqs,
> > + unsigned int i, unsigned int
> > nr_irqs,
> > + bool is_espi)
> > +{
> > + void __iomem *base;
> > + unsigned int irq, nr_priority_regs;
> > +
> > + ASSERT(nr_irqs && nr_irqs <= 32);
> > + nr_priority_regs = DIV_ROUND_UP(nr_irqs, 4);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(ICFGR, is_espi) + i *
> > sizeof(irqs->icfgr);
> > + writel_relaxed(irqs->icfgr[0], base);
> > + writel_relaxed(irqs->icfgr[1], base + 4);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(IPRIORITYR, is_espi);
> > + base += i * sizeof(irqs->ipriorityr);
> > + for ( irq = 0; irq < nr_priority_regs; irq++ )
> > + writel_relaxed(irqs->ipriorityr[irq], base + 4 * irq);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void gicv3_restore_spi_irq_routing(struct dist_irq_block *irqs,
> > + unsigned int i, unsigned int
> > nr_irqs,
> > + bool is_espi)
> > +{
> > + void __iomem *base;
> > + unsigned int irq;
> > +
> > + ASSERT(nr_irqs && nr_irqs <= 32);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(IROUTER, is_espi);
> > + base += i * sizeof(irqs->irouter);
> > + for ( irq = 0; irq < nr_irqs; irq++ )
> > + writeq_relaxed_non_atomic(irqs->irouter[irq], base + 8 * irq);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void gicv3_disable_spi_irq_block(unsigned int i, bool is_espi)
> > +{
> > + void __iomem *base;
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(ICENABLER, is_espi) + i * 4;
> > + writel_relaxed(GENMASK(31, 0), base);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void gicv3_restore_spi_irq_state(struct dist_irq_block *irqs,
> > + unsigned int i, bool is_espi)
> > +{
> > + void __iomem *base;
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(ISENABLER, is_espi);
> > + base += i * sizeof(irqs->isenabler);
> > + writel_relaxed(irqs->isenabler, base);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(ICACTIVER, is_espi) + i * 4;
> > + writel_relaxed(GENMASK(31, 0), base);
> > +
> > + base = GICD + GET_SPI_REG_OFFSET(ISACTIVER, is_espi);
> > + base += i * sizeof(irqs->isactiver);
> > + writel_relaxed(irqs->isactiver, base);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static int gicv3_check_ap1r(unsigned int n, register_t apr)
> > +{
> > + if ( !apr )
> > + return 0;
> > +
> > + printk(XENLOG_ERR "GICv3: suspend aborted: ICC_AP1R%u_EL1=%#"
> > + PRIregister"\n", n, apr);
> > +
> > + return -EBUSY;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static int gicv3_check_active_priorities(register_t ctlr)
> > +{
> > + unsigned int pribits = MASK_EXTR(ctlr, ICC_CTLR_EL1_PRIBITS_MASK) + 1;
> > + int ret;
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Xen enables physical Group 1 interrupts through ICC_IGRPEN1_EL1,
> > + * so only the physical Group 1 active-priority registers are relevant
> > + * here. Use ICC_CTLR_EL1.PRIbits for the physical CPU interface, not
> > + * ICH_VTR_EL2, which describes the virtual interface. ICC_AP1R1_EL1 is
> > + * only implemented with at least 6 physical priority bits, and
> > + * ICC_AP1R2_EL1/ICC_AP1R3_EL1 with at least 7.
> > + */
> > + switch ( pribits )
> > + {
> > + case 8:
> > + case 7:
> > + ret = gicv3_check_ap1r(3, READ_SYSREG(ICC_AP1R3_EL1));
> > + if ( ret )
> > + return ret;
> > + ret = gicv3_check_ap1r(2, READ_SYSREG(ICC_AP1R2_EL1));
> > + if ( ret )
> > + return ret;
> > + /* Fall through */
> > + case 6:
> > + ret = gicv3_check_ap1r(1, READ_SYSREG(ICC_AP1R1_EL1));
> > + if ( ret )
> > + return ret;
> > + /* Fall through */
> > + default:
> > + return gicv3_check_ap1r(0, READ_SYSREG(ICC_AP1R0_EL1));
> > + }
> > +}
> > +
> > +static int gicv3_suspend(void)
> > +{
> > + unsigned int i, nr_irqs;
> > + void __iomem *base;
> > + int ret;
> > + struct redist_ctx *rdist = &gicv3_ctx.rdist;
> > +
> > + /* Save GICC configuration */
> > + gicv3_ctx.cpu.ctlr = READ_SYSREG(ICC_CTLR_EL1);
> > + gicv3_ctx.cpu.pmr = READ_SYSREG(ICC_PMR_EL1);
> > + gicv3_ctx.cpu.bpr = READ_SYSREG(ICC_BPR1_EL1);
> > + gicv3_ctx.cpu.sre_el2 = READ_SYSREG(ICC_SRE_EL2);
> > + gicv3_ctx.cpu.grpen = READ_SYSREG(ICC_IGRPEN1_EL1);
> > +
> > + gicv3_disable_interface();
> > +
> > + ret = gicv3_check_active_priorities(gicv3_ctx.cpu.ctlr);
> > + if ( ret )
> > + goto out_enable_iface;
> > +
> > + ret = gicv3_disable_redist();
> > + if ( ret )
> > + goto out_enable_iface;
>
> I am wondering about the timeout case here.
>
> gicv3_disable_redist() has set ProcessorSleep to 1, but returns while
> ChildrenAsleep is still 0.
> This new error path then calls gicv3_enable_redist(), which clears
> ProcessorSleep.
>
> Could that happen before ChildrenAsleep reaches 1?
> The GIC specification says that transition is UNPREDICTABLE.
> How should we handle the timeout?
Yes, ChildrenAsleep may still be 0 when the error path calls
gicv3_enable_redist(). Clearing ProcessorSleep in that state is
UNPREDICTABLE.
I propose calling panic() if waiting for ChildrenAsleep to become
1 times out, before entering the rollback path. We cannot safely
restore the CPU interface without completing the redistributor
sleep/wake sequence.
>
> > +
> > + /* Save GICR configuration */
> > + gicv3_redist_wait_for_rwp();
> > +
> > + base = GICD_RDIST_BASE;
> > +
> > + rdist->ctlr = readl_relaxed(base + GICR_CTLR);
> > +
> > + rdist->propbase = readq_relaxed(base + GICR_PROPBASER);
> > + rdist->pendbase = readq_relaxed(base + GICR_PENDBASER);
> > +
> > + base = GICD_RDIST_SGI_BASE;
> > +
> > + /* Save priority on PPI and SGI interrupts */
> > + for ( i = 0; i < NR_GIC_LOCAL_IRQS / 4; i++ )
> > + rdist->ipriorityr[i] = readl_relaxed(base + GICR_IPRIORITYR0 + 4 *
> > i);
> > +
> > + rdist->isactiver = readl_relaxed(base + GICR_ISACTIVER0);
> > + rdist->isenabler = readl_relaxed(base + GICR_ISENABLER0);
> > + rdist->igroupr = readl_relaxed(base + GICR_IGROUPR0);
> > + rdist->icfgr = readl_relaxed(base + GICR_ICFGR1);
> > +
> > + /* Save GICD configuration */
> > + gicv3_dist_wait_for_rwp();
> > + gicv3_ctx.dist.ctlr = readl_relaxed(GICD + GICD_CTLR);
> > +
> > + for ( i = 1; i < DIV_ROUND_UP(gicv3_info.nr_lines, 32); i++ )
> > + {
> > + nr_irqs = min(32U, gicv3_info.nr_lines - i * 32);
> > + gicv3_store_spi_irq_block(gicv3_ctx.dist.irqs + i - 1, i, nr_irqs,
> > + false);
> > + }
> > +
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_GICV3_ESPI
> > + for ( i = 0; i < gic_number_espis() / 32; i++ )
> > + gicv3_store_spi_irq_block(gicv3_ctx.dist.espi_irqs + i, i, 32,
> > true);
> > +#endif
> > +
> > + return 0;
> > +
> > + out_enable_iface:
I also noticed that this label should be immediately before
gicv3_hyp_enable(true).
> > + if ( gicv3_enable_redist() )
> > + panic("GICv3: Failed to re-enable redistributor after suspend
> > abort\n");
> > +
> > + gicv3_hyp_enable(true);
> > + WRITE_SYSREG(gicv3_ctx.cpu.grpen, ICC_IGRPEN1_EL1);
> > + isb();
> > +
> > + return ret;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void gicv3_resume(void)
> > +{
> > + int ret;
> > + unsigned int i, nr_irqs;
> > + uint32_t dist_ctlr;
> > + void __iomem *base;
> > + struct redist_ctx *rdist = &gicv3_ctx.rdist;
> > +
> > + dist_ctlr = gicv3_ctx.dist.ctlr & GICD_CTLR_ARE_NS;
> > +
> > + /* Disable group forwarding while preserving affinity routing state. */
> > + writel_relaxed(dist_ctlr, GICD + GICD_CTLR);
> > + gicv3_dist_wait_for_rwp();
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * IHI0069H.b 12.9.9 says changing GICD_ICFGR<n>.Int_config
> > + * while the interrupt is individually enabled is UNPREDICTABLE.
> > + * Disable SPIs first; 4.7.1 defines GICD_ICENABLER<n>, n > 0,
> > + * as the per-SPI disable mechanism.
> > + */
> > + for ( i = 1; i < DIV_ROUND_UP(gicv3_info.nr_lines, 32); i++ )
> > + gicv3_disable_spi_irq_block(i, false);
> > +
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_GICV3_ESPI
> > + for ( i = 0; i < gic_number_espis() / 32; i++ )
> > + gicv3_disable_spi_irq_block(i, true);
> > +#endif
> > +
> > + gicv3_dist_wait_for_rwp();
> > +
> > + for ( i = NR_GIC_LOCAL_IRQS; i < gicv3_info.nr_lines; i += 32 )
> > + writel_relaxed(GENMASK(31, 0), GICD + GICD_IGROUPR + (i / 32) * 4);
> > +
> > + for ( i = 1; i < DIV_ROUND_UP(gicv3_info.nr_lines, 32); i++ )
> > + {
> > + nr_irqs = min(32U, gicv3_info.nr_lines - i * 32);
> > + gicv3_restore_spi_irq_config(gicv3_ctx.dist.irqs + i - 1, i,
> > nr_irqs,
> > + false);
> > + }
> > +
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_GICV3_ESPI
> > + for ( i = 0; i < gic_number_espis() / 32; i++ )
> > + {
> > + writel_relaxed(GENMASK(31, 0), GICD + GICD_IGROUPRnE + i * 4);
> > + gicv3_restore_spi_irq_config(gicv3_ctx.dist.espi_irqs + i, i, 32,
> > + true);
> > + }
> > +#endif
> > +
> > + if ( dist_ctlr )
> > + {
> > + for ( i = 1; i < DIV_ROUND_UP(gicv3_info.nr_lines, 32); i++ )
> > + {
> > + nr_irqs = min(32U, gicv3_info.nr_lines - i * 32);
> > + gicv3_restore_spi_irq_routing(gicv3_ctx.dist.irqs + i - 1, i,
> > + nr_irqs, false);
> > + }
> > +
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_GICV3_ESPI
> > + for ( i = 0; i < gic_number_espis() / 32; i++ )
> > + gicv3_restore_spi_irq_routing(gicv3_ctx.dist.espi_irqs + i, i,
> > + 32, true);
> > +#endif
> > + }
> > +
> > + for ( i = 1; i < DIV_ROUND_UP(gicv3_info.nr_lines, 32); i++ )
> > + gicv3_restore_spi_irq_state(gicv3_ctx.dist.irqs + i - 1, i, false);
> > +
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_GICV3_ESPI
> > + for ( i = 0; i < gic_number_espis() / 32; i++ )
> > + gicv3_restore_spi_irq_state(gicv3_ctx.dist.espi_irqs + i, i, true);
> > +#endif
> > +
> > + writel_relaxed(gicv3_ctx.dist.ctlr, GICD + GICD_CTLR);
> > + gicv3_dist_wait_for_rwp();
> > +
> > + ret = gicv3_lpi_init_rdist(GICD_RDIST_BASE);
> > + /*
> > + * If LPIs are already enabled, assume firmware or the still-powered
> > + * redistributor has valid PROPBASER/PENDBASER and skip reprogramming.
> > + * Return -EBUSY so callers can ignore this case.
> > + */
> > + if ( ret && ret != -ENODEV && ret != -EBUSY )
> > + panic("GICv3: Failed to re-initialize LPIs during resume\n");
> > + else if ( ret == -EBUSY ) /* extra checks, just to be sure */
>
> Comment first letter capitalize:
> s/extra/Extra/
I will also fix all the capitalization issues you pointed out.
Thanks,
Mykola
|
![]() |
Lists.xenproject.org is hosted with RackSpace, monitoring our |